Industry

44 occupations · 1,684,600 workers · Avg. AI exposure: 2.95/10

Occupations

Total employment

1.7M

LFS Q4 2025

Avg. AI exposure

2.95 / 10

weighted by employment

Average salary

27,290 €

High risk

score > 7/10

Note: Employment figures are estimates based on LFS Q4 2025 and Census 2021. Scores are theoretical — not predictions.

Score

Occupation

CNO

Employment

Average salary

EU AI Act

4.0

Locomotive engine drivers

Mechanical machinery assemblers

Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers

Self-employed car, taxi and van drivers

Salaried car, taxi and van drivers

Miners and other mining plant operators

Mineral and rock processing plant operators

Well drillers and related workers

Non-metallic mineral product manufacturing machinery operators

Metal smelting and transformation plant operators

Metal polishing, galvanising and coating machine operators

Chemical industrial plant operators

Pharmaceutical, cosmetic and related product manufacturing machine operators

Photographic laboratory and related operators

Rubber and natural resin product manufacturing machine operators

Plastic product manufacturing machine operators

Paper and cardboard product manufacturing machine operators

Sawmill, board manufacturing and related wood/cork treatment machine operators

Paper pulp and paper manufacturing plant operators

Fibre preparation, spinning and winding machine operators

Loom and other weaving machine operators

Sewing and embroidery machine operators

Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing and finishing machine operators

Hide and leather treatment machine operators

Footwear, leather goods and glove manufacturing machine operators

Textile product manufacturing machine operators n.e.c.

Food, beverage and tobacco processing machine operators

Laundry and dry-cleaning machine operators

Glass and ceramics kiln and plant operators

Boiler and steam engine operators

Packaging, bottling and labelling machine operators

Stationary plant and machinery operators n.e.c.

Railway shunting agents

Mobile agricultural machinery operators

Mobile forestry machinery operators

Earthmoving and similar equipment operators

Crane, hoist and similar materials handling equipment operators

Forklift truck operators

Deck and engine room sailors and related

Self-employed truck drivers

Salaried truck drivers

Motorcycle and moped riders

Source: LFS Q4 2025, INE Census 2021, SEPE 2024 · Methodology v30 · CC BY 4.0 · Authors: Álvaro de Nicolás, Miguel Sureda