Shoemakers and related
Zapateros y afines
2.5
AI exposure: Low
2.5 / 10
Theoretical estimate — not a prediction
Employees
4K
Average salary
23,591 €
Exposed wage index
22M €
employment × salary × score
Score sub-components
D
Displacement potential 1
C
Current AI capability 3
F
Physical barrier 9
R
Regulatory friction 1.5
Formula:
(D*C/10)*(1-F/20)*(1-R/20) Automation vector
Shoemakers and related workers manufacture and repair footwear, combining leather stitching with sole gluing and finishing in physical workshop or factory settings. AI assists in 3D shoe design and orthopedic customization through digital foot scanning. Artisanal repair (replacing heel tips, soles) and handmade manufacture of high-end shoes maintain the component of fine manual dexterity and technical knowledge of physical materials.
Automation vector (Spanish)
Zapateros y afines fabrican y reparan calzado, combinando la costura de piel con el pegado y acabado de suelas en entornos físicos de taller o fábrica. La IA asiste en el diseño 3D del calzado y en la personalización ortopédica mediante escaneo del pie del cliente de forma digital. La reparación artesanal (cambio de tapas, suelas) y la fabricación manual de zapatos de alta gama mantienen el componente de destreza manual fina y conocimiento técnico de los materiales físicos.
Augmentation EU AI Act: Minimal risk Employment confidence: B
Source: LFS Q4 2025, INE Census 2021, SEPE 2024 · Methodology v30 · CC BY 4.0 · Authors: Álvaro de Nicolás, Miguel Sureda